.publication-page{--pub-dark:#090c0a;--pub-paper:#d8d8d0;--pub-stone:#c9c9c1;--pub-ink:#171a17;--pub-muted:#505850;--pub-line:#191f1a38;background:var(--pub-dark);color:#eef1ed}.publication-page .site-header{position:absolute}.publication-shell{width:min(100% - 96px,1440px);margin-inline:auto}.publication-hero{background:radial-gradient(circle at 80% 50%,#a1b54b17,transparent 30%),var(--pub-dark);min-height:690px;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.publication-hero-grid{opacity:.14;background-image:linear-gradient(#ffffff0d 1px,#0000 1px),linear-gradient(90deg,#ffffff0d 1px,#0000 1px);background-size:72px 72px;position:absolute;inset:0;-webkit-mask-image:linear-gradient(90deg,#0000,#000 35%,#000);mask-image:linear-gradient(90deg,#0000,#000 35%,#000)}.publication-hero-inner{min-height:690px;padding-top:100px;position:relative}.publication-hero-index{color:#858d86;text-transform:uppercase;justify-content:space-between;padding-top:22px;font:650 12px Courier New,monospace;display:flex}.publication-hero-copy{z-index:2;width:min(760px,58vw);padding-top:105px;position:relative}.publication-hero-copy>p:first-child{color:#c4cac4;text-transform:uppercase;align-items:center;gap:10px;margin:0 0 25px;font:650 12px Courier New,monospace;display:flex}.publication-hero-copy>p:first-child i{background:var(--accent);border-radius:50%;width:5px;height:5px}.publication-hero h1{letter-spacing:-.055em;margin:0;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:clamp(58px,5.65vw,86px);font-weight:470;line-height:.94}.publication-hero h1 span{color:#929992;display:block}.publication-hero-copy>p:nth-of-type(2){color:#aab1ab;max-width:660px;margin:28px 0 0;font:400 16px/1.7 Arial,sans-serif}.publication-hero-copy>a{background:var(--accent);color:#171a17;text-transform:uppercase;justify-content:space-between;width:270px;margin-top:34px;padding:18px 20px;font-size:12px;font-weight:700;display:flex}.publication-hero-system{align-items:center;width:min(590px,44vw);display:flex;position:absolute;bottom:86px;right:0}.publication-hero-system span,.publication-hero-system strong{color:#747d75;flex-direction:column;min-width:92px;font:650 11px Courier New,monospace;display:flex}.publication-hero-system strong{color:#c2d34c}.publication-hero-system small{font:inherit;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:6px}.publication-hero-system>i{background:#c0d34e3d;flex:1;height:1px;margin:0 12px}.publication-featured,.publication-disciplines{background:var(--pub-paper);color:var(--pub-ink)}.publication-latest{background:var(--pub-stone);color:var(--pub-ink)}.publication-featured .publication-shell,.publication-latest .publication-shell,.publication-disciplines .publication-shell{padding-block:clamp(88px,7vw,118px)}.publication-heading{grid-template-columns:190px minmax(0,1fr);align-items:end;gap:60px;margin-bottom:50px;display:grid}.publication-heading>p{color:#626a63;text-transform:uppercase;margin:7px 0 0;font:650 12px Courier New,monospace}.publication-heading h2{letter-spacing:-.047em;max-width:940px;margin:0;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:clamp(43px,4.15vw,64px);font-weight:490;line-height:1}.latest-heading>div{justify-content:space-between;align-items:end;gap:60px;display:flex}.latest-heading>div>p{color:#535b54;max-width:350px;margin:0;font:400 14px/1.65 Arial,sans-serif}.featured-article{border-top:1px solid var(--pub-line);border-bottom:1px solid var(--pub-line);cursor:pointer;grid-template-columns:3fr 2fr;min-height:540px;transition:background-color .25s;display:grid;position:relative}.featured-article:hover{background:#ffffff1f}.featured-copy{flex-direction:column;padding:38px 42px;display:flex;position:relative}.publication-meta{color:#5c645d;text-transform:uppercase;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;font:650 12px Courier New,monospace;display:flex}.publication-meta span:first-child{color:#637326}.publication-meta i{color:#8b918b;font-style:normal}.featured-label{color:#626962;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:28px;font:650 11px Courier New,monospace}.featured-copy h3{letter-spacing:-.042em;margin:38px 0 20px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:clamp(40px,3.25vw,50px);font-weight:500;line-height:1.03}.featured-copy h3 a,.publication-card h3 a{z-index:3;color:inherit;text-decoration:none;position:relative}.featured-copy>p,.publication-card-copy>p{color:#4d554e;margin:0;font:400 14px/1.68 Arial,sans-serif}.card-cover-link{z-index:1;position:absolute;inset:0}.publication-read{z-index:3;border-top:1px solid var(--pub-line);color:#3f4a17;text-transform:uppercase;justify-content:space-between;margin-top:auto;padding-top:22px;font:700 12px Courier New,monospace;display:flex;position:relative}.publication-read span{font-size:16px;transition:transform .25s}.featured-article:hover .publication-read span,.publication-card:hover .publication-read span{transform:translate(4px)}.featured-article:hover h3,.publication-card:hover h3{color:#3d4718}:is(.featured-article:has(a:focus-visible),.publication-card:has(a:focus-visible)){outline-offset:4px;outline:2px solid #687729}.card-cover-link:focus{outline:0}.publication-visual{aspect-ratio:16/10;background:linear-gradient(145deg,#bbb9ae,#92978e);border:1px solid #191f1a2e;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.publication-visual.is-featured{aspect-ratio:auto;height:100%;min-height:540px}.visual-grid{opacity:.25;background-image:linear-gradient(#1e241f24 1px,#0000 1px),linear-gradient(90deg,#1e241f24 1px,#0000 1px);background-size:42px 42px;position:absolute;inset:0}.visual-index{z-index:2;color:#424a43;text-transform:uppercase;justify-content:space-between;font:650 10px Courier New,monospace;display:flex;position:absolute;top:19px;left:21px;right:21px}.visual-index b{color:#59691e}.publication-visual>div:not(.visual-grid):not(.visual-index){z-index:1;position:absolute;inset:18% 7% 12%}.diagram-cost{grid-template-columns:1fr .6fr 1.15fr;align-items:center;display:grid}.cost-inputs{gap:8px;display:grid}.cost-inputs span{color:#303730;text-transform:uppercase;background:#e0e1d859;border-left:2px solid #66762b;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:10px 12px;font:700 11px Courier New,monospace;display:flex}.cost-inputs span i{background:#71852b;border-radius:50%;width:6px;height:6px}.cost-flow{height:75%;position:relative}.cost-flow i{background:linear-gradient(90deg,#323b332e,#647527);width:100%;height:1px;position:absolute;left:0}.cost-flow i:first-child{transform-origin:100%;top:9%;transform:rotate(17deg)}.cost-flow i:nth-child(2){transform-origin:100%;top:36%;transform:rotate(6deg)}.cost-flow i:nth-child(3){transform-origin:100%;top:63%;transform:rotate(-6deg)}.cost-flow i:nth-child(4){transform-origin:100%;top:90%;transform:rotate(-17deg)}.cost-flow b{background:#b0b1a7;border:2px solid #647527;border-radius:50%;width:10px;height:10px;position:absolute;top:50%;right:-4px;transform:translateY(-50%)}.diagram-cost>strong{color:#252c25;text-transform:uppercase;border:1px solid #343e354d;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;min-height:118px;padding:20px;font:700 15px/1.25 Arial,sans-serif;display:flex;box-shadow:inset 4px 0 #71852b}.diagram-cost>strong small{color:#657066;margin-top:12px;font:650 10px Courier New,monospace}.visual-air-vs-hydro-vs-immersion-cooling{background:linear-gradient(145deg,#bbc3bf,#909d99)}.diagram-cooling{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:10px;display:grid}.cool-system{background:#dde0d92e;border:1px solid #26302a42;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.cool-system strong{color:#29312b;text-transform:uppercase;font:700 12px Courier New,monospace;position:absolute;bottom:10px;left:10px;right:10px}.cool-system strong small{color:#566058;margin-top:4px;font:650 9px Courier New,monospace;display:block}.asic-block{background:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg,#0000 0 5px,#333d3538 6px 7px);border:2px solid #465147;width:28%;height:25%;position:absolute;top:31%;left:38%}.fan{border:1px solid #59655b;border-radius:50%;width:31px;height:31px;position:absolute;top:29%;left:8%}.fan i{transform-origin:0;background:#647527;width:12px;height:3px;position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%}.fan i:first-child{transform:rotate(0)}.fan i:nth-child(2){transform:rotate(120deg)}.fan i:nth-child(3){transform:rotate(240deg)}.flow-lines{background:repeating-linear-gradient(0deg,#0000 0 7px,#57692a80 8px 9px);width:23%;height:31%;position:absolute;top:28%;right:7%}.cold-plate{border:2px solid #58702b;width:34%;height:31%;position:absolute;top:28%;left:35%}.liquid-loop{border:2px solid #526c4c8c;border-radius:50%;position:absolute;inset:18% 12% 36% 14%}.tank{background:linear-gradient(#0000 30%,#5c714b47 30%);border:2px solid #4a574e;height:43%;position:absolute;top:20%;left:18%;right:18%}.tank span{border:1px solid #536153;height:52%;position:absolute;bottom:10%;left:28%;right:28%}.tank i{background:#778a33;border-radius:50%;width:6px;height:6px;position:absolute;top:24%;left:20%;box-shadow:30px 10px #778a33,60px -3px #778a33}.external-loop{border-top:2px solid #647527;border-bottom:2px solid #647527;border-right:2px solid #647527;width:15%;position:absolute;top:15%;bottom:32%;right:7%}.visual-transformer-sizing-industrial-bitcoin-mining{background:linear-gradient(145deg,#beb9ad,#97968d)}.diagram-transformer{grid-template-columns:1fr 28px 1.15fr 28px 1.1fr 28px 1.3fr;align-items:center;display:grid}.diagram-transformer>span,.diagram-transformer>strong{color:#293029;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;border:1px solid #2d362e4a;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;min-height:78px;padding:13px;font:700 11px/1.25 Courier New,monospace;display:flex}.diagram-transformer>span i,.diagram-transformer>strong small{color:#636c64;margin-top:7px;font:650 8px Courier New,monospace}.diagram-transformer>strong{border-color:#687729;min-height:120px;box-shadow:inset 0 3px #71852b}.diagram-transformer>b{color:#637327;text-align:center}.mining-blocks{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:5px;display:grid}.mining-blocks i{background:repeating-linear-gradient(90deg,#0000 0 6px,#343e363d 7px 8px);border:1px solid #505c52;height:35px}.mining-blocks small{color:#394139;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;grid-column:1/-1;font:700 9px Courier New,monospace}.visual-asic-efficiency-th-s-kw-j-th{background:linear-gradient(145deg,#b6b9b0,#8c948a)}.diagram-efficiency{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1.4fr;align-items:stretch;gap:10px;display:grid}.metric{background:#dee0d833;border:1px solid #2a332b47;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;padding:15px;display:flex;position:relative}.metric small,.metric span,.efficiency-formula span,.efficiency-formula small{color:#555f56;text-transform:uppercase;font:650 9px Courier New,monospace}.metric strong{color:#252d26;margin:8px 0 2px;font:520 28px Arial,sans-serif}.metric i{clip-path:polygon(0 75%,15% 58%,28% 70%,43% 25%,57% 48%,72% 18%,87% 39%,100% 0,100% 100%,0 100%);background:#68772933;border-bottom:2px solid #687729;height:16px;position:absolute;bottom:14px;left:12px;right:12px}.efficiency-formula{background:#d6dbc642;border:1px solid #687729;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;padding:18px;display:flex}.efficiency-formula>b{color:#687729;margin:10px 0}.efficiency-formula>strong{font:530 25px Arial,sans-serif}.efficiency-formula>strong i{color:#526219;font:700 12px Courier New,monospace}.efficiency-formula>small{margin-top:10px}.publication-filters{border-top:1px solid var(--pub-line);border-bottom:1px solid var(--pub-line);scrollbar-width:thin;display:flex;overflow-x:auto}.publication-filters button{border:0;border-right:1px solid var(--pub-line);color:#4e574f;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;background:0 0;flex:none;height:44px;padding:0 17px;font:700 12px Courier New,monospace}.publication-filters button:hover{background:#ffffff2b}.publication-filters button.is-active{color:#f0f2ec;background:#66762b}.publication-count{color:#606861;text-transform:uppercase;justify-content:space-between;padding:25px 0 30px;font:650 12px Courier New,monospace;display:flex}.publication-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:24px;display:grid}.publication-card{border-bottom:1px solid var(--pub-line);cursor:pointer;background:#e2e2da26;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;transition:background-color .25s,transform .25s;display:flex;position:relative}.publication-card:hover{background:#ffffff47;transform:translateY(-3px)}.publication-card:hover .publication-visual>div:not(.visual-grid):not(.visual-index){transform:scale(1.015)}.publication-card .publication-visual>div:not(.visual-grid):not(.visual-index){transition:transform .3s}.publication-card-copy{flex-direction:column;flex:1;min-height:320px;padding:24px 22px;display:flex;position:relative}.publication-card h3{letter-spacing:-.032em;margin:29px 0 15px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:clamp(24px,2vw,29px);font-weight:520;line-height:1.08;transition:color .25s}.publication-card-copy .publication-read{margin-top:auto}.publication-empty{border:1px solid var(--pub-line);justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:30px;min-height:150px;padding:30px;display:flex}.publication-empty strong{font:500 22px Arial,sans-serif}.publication-empty button{color:#526219;cursor:pointer;background:0 0;border:0;font-weight:700}.discipline-grid{border-top:1px solid var(--pub-line);border-left:1px solid var(--pub-line);grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);display:grid}.discipline-grid>a{border-right:1px solid var(--pub-line);border-bottom:1px solid var(--pub-line);flex-direction:column;min-height:235px;padding:24px;transition:background-color .25s;display:flex}.discipline-grid>a:hover{background:#fff3}.discipline-grid span{color:#687729;font:700 12px Courier New,monospace}.discipline-grid h3{letter-spacing:-.025em;margin:47px 0 13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:26px;font-weight:530}.discipline-grid p{color:#515951;margin:0;font:400 14px/1.6 Arial,sans-serif}.discipline-grid b{color:#526219;text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:auto;padding-top:20px;font:700 11px Courier New,monospace}.publication-final{background:#0a0d0b}.publication-final>.publication-shell{padding-block:clamp(90px,8vw,125px)}.publication-final>.publication-shell>p{color:#aebd43;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 44px;font:650 12px Courier New,monospace}.publication-final>.publication-shell>div{grid-template-columns:1.3fr .7fr;align-items:end;gap:100px;display:grid}.publication-final h2{letter-spacing:-.05em;max-width:870px;margin:0;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;font-size:clamp(51px,5vw,76px);font-weight:470;line-height:.96}.publication-final>div>div>div>p{color:#9fa69f;margin:0;font:400 14px/1.7 Arial,sans-serif}.publication-final>div>div>div>div{gap:12px;margin-top:30px;display:flex}.publication-final .button{min-width:190px;height:52px}@media (max-width:1100px){.publication-shell{width:calc(100% - 64px)}.publication-hero-copy{width:67vw}.publication-hero-system{opacity:.7}.publication-heading{grid-template-columns:150px minmax(0,1fr)}.latest-heading>div{display:block}.latest-heading>div>p{margin-top:20px}.featured-article{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}.publication-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}.discipline-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}.publication-final>.publication-shell>div{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:42px}.publication-final>div>div>div{max-width:600px}}@media (max-width:768px){.publication-shell{width:calc(100% - 40px)}.publication-hero,.publication-hero-inner{min-height:620px}.publication-hero-inner{padding-top:82px}.publication-hero-index{padding-top:17px}.publication-hero-index span:last-child{display:none}.publication-hero-copy{width:100%;padding-top:75px}.publication-hero h1{font-size:clamp(48px,12vw,65px)}.publication-hero-copy>p:nth-of-type(2){font-size:15px}.publication-hero-copy>a{width:100%}.publication-hero-system{display:none}.publication-featured .publication-shell,.publication-latest .publication-shell,.publication-disciplines .publication-shell{padding-block:78px}.publication-heading{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:22px;margin-bottom:38px}.publication-heading h2{font-size:42px}.featured-article{grid-template-columns:1fr}.publication-visual.is-featured{aspect-ratio:16/10;min-height:0}.featured-copy{min-height:390px;padding:27px 22px}.featured-copy h3{font-size:34px}.publication-filters{margin-right:-20px}.publication-filters button{height:42px;padding:0 15px;font-size:12px}.publication-count{gap:20px}.publication-count span:last-child{text-align:right}.publication-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:30px}.publication-card-copy{min-height:300px}.publication-card h3{font-size:27px}.publication-visual .visual-index{font-size:9px}.publication-visual>div:not(.visual-grid):not(.visual-index){inset:20% 5% 12%}.diagram-cooling{gap:5px}.cool-system strong small{display:none}.diagram-transformer{grid-template-columns:1fr 18px 1fr 18px 1fr}.diagram-transformer>b:nth-of-type(3),.diagram-transformer .mining-blocks{display:none}.diagram-transformer>span,.diagram-transformer>strong{min-height:70px;padding:7px;font-size:9px}.diagram-cost{grid-template-columns:1.1fr .35fr 1fr}.cost-inputs span{padding:7px;font-size:9px}.diagram-cost>strong{min-height:92px;padding:10px;font-size:12px}.diagram-efficiency{gap:5px}.metric{padding:9px}.metric strong{font-size:22px}.efficiency-formula{padding:10px}.efficiency-formula>strong{font-size:19px}.discipline-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.publication-final>.publication-shell{padding-block:78px}.publication-final h2{font-size:49px}.publication-final>div>div>div>div{flex-direction:column}.publication-final .button{width:100%}}@media (max-width:430px){.publication-hero,.publication-hero-inner{min-height:640px}.publication-hero-copy{padding-top:70px}.publication-hero h1{font-size:48px}.publication-heading h2{font-size:38px}.featured-copy h3{font-size:30px}.publication-card h3{font-size:25px}.publication-card-copy{min-height:310px}.publication-visual .visual-index span{display:none}.diagram-cost{grid-template-columns:1fr .25fr .9fr}.cost-inputs span{padding:6px;font-size:8px}.diagram-cost>strong,.cool-system strong{font-size:10px}.fan{width:24px;height:24px}.diagram-transformer>span i,.diagram-transformer>strong small{display:none}.diagram-transformer>span,.diagram-transformer>strong,.metric small,.metric span,.efficiency-formula span,.efficiency-formula small{font-size:8px}.metric strong{font-size:19px}.publication-final h2{font-size:44px}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.featured-article,.publication-card,.publication-card h3,.featured-copy h3,.publication-read span,.publication-card .publication-visual>div:not(.visual-grid):not(.visual-index){transition:none}.publication-card:hover,.publication-card:hover .publication-visual>div:not(.visual-grid):not(.visual-index),.featured-article:hover .publication-read span,.publication-card:hover .publication-read span{transform:none}}
@media (max-width:768px){.cost-inputs span,.cool-system strong,.diagram-transformer>span,.diagram-transformer>strong{font-size:12px}.mining-blocks small{font-size:11px}.metric small,.metric span,.efficiency-formula span,.efficiency-formula small{font-size:11.5px}}@media (max-width:430px){.cost-inputs span{font-size:11.5px}.diagram-cost>strong{font-size:12px}.cool-system strong,.diagram-transformer>span,.diagram-transformer>strong{font-size:11.5px}.metric small,.metric span,.efficiency-formula span,.efficiency-formula small{font-size:11px}}
